Here are some ideas of other things you can check for. Some of these are more likely than others, for example, it is pretty unlikely that your slide stop spring is the culprit, but if all else fails it can't hurt to look at.
1. Ammo. What ammo are you using? If it is underpowered, it may not provide enough force to operate the slide far enough back to engage the slide stop.
2. Recoil springs. Goes with ammo. What weight recoil spring are you using? If it is either too light or too heavy, it can cause problems. If it's too light, the slide could be "bouncing" preventing lock back, and if it's too heavy, you would have the same issue as #1.
3. Magazines. Brand, springs, age/use, dirt/grime.
3a. Brand matters. Use CZ factory or MecGar. Promags are crap. The MecGar 17 rounders (with anti friction coating and blue followers) have a stiffer spring than the CZ factory mags and may help.
3b. Springs. As you noted, using a stiffer magazine spring (i.e. from Wolff) may help.
3c. Age/use. If the springs or followers are severely worn, consider replacing them. Also, if the notch on the magazine that engages with the magazine release is worn out, it can allow the magazine to move and cause issues. In that case, get a new mag or a new tube.
3d. Dirt/grime. Dirt, grime, oil and anything else causing the follower or spring to hang up can cause issues. Clean them up and rub the inside down with Armor All (slicks it up, doesn't penetrate and helps keep dirt from sticking).
4. Mag release. Just like above, if your mag release is worn it may allow the magazine to move slightly. Similarly, if the spring that holds the magazine release is not installed or tensioned properly with the screw inside the frame, it may allow the magazine to wiggle.
5. Slide stop spring. If you have a screwy spring, it could cause the slide stop to hang up. I haven't personally seen one of these wear out, but if the pistol has been taken down and reassembled a lot, or if the spring was out of spec from the factory, it's possible that it got worn out or damaged. Similarly if the pin that holds the spring in place has an out of spec groove, it could potentially allow the slide stop to wiggle a tiny bit. I'd think this is pretty unlikely.
6. Cleaning. It is possible that you have carbon caked where you can't see it. Depending on how many rounds you have through it, it might be worth a detail strip and soak or getting in and around those nooks and crannies with a dental pick.
7. Lubrication. Not sure what lube you're using or how often you clean the pistol, but it is possible that using improper lube or a lube that cooks off easily could exacerbate the problem.
8. Grip. Although harder to do with CZs, if you are gripping the pistol a certain way you can inadvertently activate the slide stop and prevent the slide from locking back. Try it one-handed and see if the problem can be reproduced.
9. I'm sure you didn't do this, but make sure you have the P-01 slide stop. A CZ75 slide stop or SP-01 slide stop may not function properly. Also check that the slide stop hasn't been altered in any way - I have heard of some people removing material from the slide stop in order to prevent hang ups on magazines with bullets left. It is possible that the original owner modified the slide stop to solve this problem, but removed too much material.
Hope this helps!